Shame is characterized by a painful feeling of humiliation or distress arising from the perception of being inherently flawed. Individuals experiencing shame often have a strong urge to hide, withdraw, or avoid others, fearing judgement or rejection. They may ruminate on past mistakes, interpret neutral situations as proof of personal failure, and experience intense self-criticism or self-blame. Shame frequently co-occurs with lowered self-esteem, social withdrawal, body tension, and a belief that one is unworthy of care or connection.
