Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings, ranging from intense highs (mania or hypomania) to deep lows (depression). These mood swings can affect a person’s behavior, energy levels, and ability to function in daily life. According to the DSM-5, a guide used by doctors to diagnose mental health disorders, bipolar disorder is divided into two main types: Bipolar I and Bipolar II.
Manic or Hypomanic Episodes (Highs): During a manic episode, a person may feel unusually energetic, euphoric, or irritable. They might act impulsively or take risks they normally wouldn’t, like spending too much money, talking very fast, or having racing thoughts. Mania can last for at least a week and may cause problems in work, relationships, or even lead to dangerous behaviors. A hypomanic episode is a milder form of mania, where mood is elevated, but the symptoms are less severe and don’t interfere as much with daily life.
Depressive Episodes (Lows): In contrast, during a depressive episode, a person feels deeply sad, hopeless, or empty. They may lose interest in activities they once enjoyed, have trouble concentrating, or feel exhausted all the time. Some people may also experience feelings of guilt or worthlessness and even have thoughts of suicide. These depressive periods can last for weeks or longer, significantly affecting the person’s daily functioning.