Fears and phobias are intense reactions to specific objects, situations, or experiences that pose little or no actual danger. While fear is a natural response to threat, phobias involve persistent anxiety that leads to avoidance and can interfere with daily functioning—such as avoiding elevators, animals, or medical procedures. These reactions are often maintained by patterns of avoidance that prevent the brain from learning that these situations are not actually threatening. Evidence-based treatment typically involves Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), with a focus on gradual exposure to the feared stimulus in a controlled and supportive manner. Through repeated exposure, individuals learn that the feared outcomes are unlikely to occur or are more tolerable than expected, which reduces anxiety over time and increases confidence in their ability to cope.
